Explain the true-justified-belief theory of knowledge. Then make up Essay

Explain the true-justified-belief theory of knowledge. Then make up your own Gettier case and explain why it is counter-example to the analysis - Essay Example It is the efforts that would be needed for people to have knowledge. Knowledge and belief are used differently in philosophical terms. The connection between knowledge and belief is that belief is a belief is considered to be knowledge if the belief held is true and if the believer has a reasonable justification to believe it is true. According to the famous scholar Plato, knowledge can, therefore, be defined to mean Justified True Belief (JTB) also known as knowledge theory. There are three terms â€Å"truth†, â€Å"belief†, and â€Å"justification† which are very pronounced in the knowledge theory. In epistemology, belief denotes faith. It is concerned with what we believe such as traditional held believes. This includes the truth and everything we believe to be right from our cognitive point of view. What a person belief of something as true or not is not a necessity for a belief. One my belief something which is wrong but that will not disregard the belief from being true. The belief held by such a person was a mistaken belief but not that the belief was wrong. This brings the concept of truth. These conditions of truth, belief and justification must be taken together to be sufficient for JTB. The justified True Belief was strongly held in the world of philosophy but not until Gettier came in and questioned the knowledge that was held for thousands of years. In his argument, Gettier claimed that the knowledge held by someone may be justified and true, yet fail to count as knowledge. This was known as Gettier problem. Suppose I stumble on Mary, a class mate driving license which is written that she comes from Chicago. Having seen that legal document, I’m justified to belief that Mary comes from Chicago. Suppose I infer from the above case and say that someone in my class comes from Chicago. Now, Mary driving license turns to be a fake one. It seems that what I believed was wrong which even makes my second belief to be wrong. Unknown to me, I may have

Canadian economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Canadian economics - Essay Example During the first half of 2003, a rapidly appreciating currency cut deeply into net exports in most Canadian traded goods industries. The auto industry was among the hardest-hit sectors. Automotive products have traditionally generated an important trade surplus for Canada, offsetting continuing large trade deficits in most other high-value and high technology manufacturing products. Already, however, the appreciating dollar has reduced Canada's automotive trade surplus by 50 percent (compared to the first half of 2002). Short-run impacts of a higher dollar include both reduced real shipments and shrinkage in the domestic value of Canadian exports (most automotive exports are priced in U.S. dollar terms). Even more important longer-run impacts could include the relocation of new investment to alternative jurisdictions, as Canada's relative cost competitiveness is eroded. If the exchange rate stays at current levels or higher on a longer-run basis, Canada could feasibly become a net im porter of automotive products within 5 years. On average, hourly labor productivity in Canada's manufacturing sector is approximately 15 percent lower than in U.S. industry. Given the current differential in nominal hourly compensation costs between the two countries (hourly total compensation costs in Canadian manufacturing average just over $25 Cdn., whereas total hourly compensation costs in U.S. manufacturing are about $21.50 U.S.), this creates a nominal unit labor cost disadvantage (measured in national currencies) that must be offset by the exchange rate between the two currencies. When the Canadian dollar trades at approximately 72 cents U.S., average manufacturing unit labor costs in the two countries are equalized. If the dollar is above that level, therefore, Canadian manufacturing (on average) faces a unit cost disadvantage that will spark the long-run outward migration of investment and employment (the opposite of what occurred in the late 1990s when the Canadian dollar traded for less than 72 cents U.S.). The Rising Canadian Dollar and its Impact on the Canadian Auto Industry, Testimony of Jim Stanford Economist, Canadian Auto Workers Before the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Senate of Canada, October 8, 2003 http://www.caw.ca/visual&printlibrary/speeches&briefs/briefs/senatetestimonyonthedollar.pdf Is Canada now at risk of catching the Dutch disease What is the evidence When it gains ground against the U.S. dollar, for example, Canadian exporters lose ground because their products become more expensive for U.S. buyers. It's simply harder to compete. Since 2002, Statistics Canada says 189,000 manufacturing jobs have disappeared in Canada. The agency places the blame squarely on the soaring loonie. But some economists say the difficulties of adjusting to a higher loonie will help exporters in the long run, because they've had to take measures to improve efficiency. The days of relying on a cheap loonie to help them sell in the U.S. are long gone. Cheaper U.S. dollars also provide Canadian companies with an opportunity to invest in U.S.-made tools that make them more competitive. Much of the software and machinery Canadian companies

An Overview Of Teenage Pregnancy Sociology Essay

An Overview Of Teenage Pregnancy Sociology Essay In the U.S, about one million teenage girls get pregnant every year and this greatly affects the lives of the teenagers, the children they bare and the society at large. The social behavior and attitude towards sex has greatly contributed to the increase of teenage pregnancy since sex is publicly glorified and is even used as a marketing tool. Teenagers are engaging in sexual activities at an early age since they are exposed to it even before they are mature. It is the role of parents to try and bring up their children in a morally upright manner and advice them on the effects of early pregnancies in their lives. The causes and effects of teenage pregnancy are more of the same. They include poverty, unemployment, and lack of education, low self esteem and in some cases, abuse. Factors leading to teenage pregnancy The causes of teenage pregnancy are both social an also economical. The lack of knowledge on the consequences of teenage pregnancy among the teenagers is the primary factor that leads to teenagers to engage in irresponsible sexual practices. Another contributing factor is the up bringing of the children. The way parents bring up their children as well as the kind of environment they are brought up in contributes realty to the sexual behavior of a child. Parents who do not communicate openly to with their children on social issues such as sex are putting their children at the risk of being teenage parents. The lack of open communication between the children and the parents encourages the children to find other sources of information and in most cases, they go to their fellow students or older friends who may end giving them the wrong or misleading information. On the other hand, children who are brought in an environment that consists of many cases of teenage pregnancies or even in situations where the parents are single mothers or were victims of teenage pregnancy are more likely to follow the same course since it is something normal in their ‘world. The way a child is brought up defines who they are in terms of emotional maturity as well as their communication skills. When children are not taught how to communicate and air their views openly and boldly, they end up suffering from low self esteem and this makes them easy targets and increases their chances of being vulnerable to peer pressure which is also responsible for teenage pregnancy. This lack of communication and guidance from parents also contributes to the childs irresponsible behavior. Poverty is another major factor that contributes to teenage pregnancy. In most low income earning areas, the are no facilities that are used to educate children on the effects of engaging in sexual activities at an early age. In some cases, the children are forced to engage in sexual activities as a way of getting money to support themselves and their families. The wealthier people in these areas take advantage of the young children and promise them a better life in exchange for sex. Ignorance is also another aspect that is come in these areas and is usually brought about by the lack of education. When parents are not well educated, they do not see the importance of educating or discussing sex and other issues that affect the teenagers and the children end up messing up since they were not advised. The kind of messages that are sent to teenagers about sex are also contributing factors to the early engagement in sex which leads to teenage pregnancy. Todays culture glorifies sex and does not put into consideration nor is it accountable for its consequences. The social attitudes on the other hand do not provide a conducive environment for open discussions on sex and resources are not also available for the same. From studies, there are some factors such as poor performance in school that force the children to drop out and when they do, the chances o them engaging in sexual activities are very high and they end up getting pregnant. There are many children who are victims of sexual abuse and this completely messes up with their views and attitude towards sex. These children end up perceiving themselves as sexual objects from an early age and this increases the cases of teenage pregnancy. Effects of teenage pregnancy The effects of teenage pregnancy are felt by the individual victims and also the society. When school going teenagers get pregnant, most of them opt to drop out of school due to shame and also so that they can prepare themselves for the coming baby and motherhood in general. On the other hand, teenage fathers are not in a position to support their families financially so they also end up dropping out of school so that they can work and provide for their family. Since getting a job without education is hard, the students find themselves engaging in criminal activities and drug abuse as they try to find solutions to their state. Most teenage mothers do not have any support from their families so they and up becoming a part of the lower society whereby they are not able to access basic needs such as health care and well balanced diets. This affects their health and the health of their children and sometimes may lead to complications during child birth. Teenage parents pose a great economic and social risk to the society since they are not financially stable. Dropping out of school, doing drug and also engaging in criminal activities by teenage fathers affect the community in terms of the level of security. Dropping out of school means that one is not well educated and therefore, they cannot secure good jobs and this increases the cases of joblessness and this pull down the economic status of the society. When one is not educated, their level of productivity socially and economically goes down and this affects the community at large. Ways of preventing teenage pregnancy. Teenagers should be encouraged not to engage in sexual activities at an early age and they should also be well informed on early pregnancy and its effects. The students should be well educated on the topic of sex as a whole should be discussed in schools and this will help in the reduction of cases of teenage pregnancy. The teenagers should also be educated on the ways of preventing pregnancy and also ways of ensuring safe sex. They should be allowed to access contraceptives as well as family planning services without age being an issue and confidentiality should be assured. Parents on the other hand have a great role to play in ensuring that their children are brought up morally upright and that they should instill confidence and a sense of responsibility in their children so that they can be able to make wise choices and not be pulled away by peer pressure. Motivating children on positive life options and also enhancing the skills of the children I other ways apart from education is also very important since children know that they have a future despite their performance in school and this reduces the cases of school drop outs who would have otherwise ended up getting pregnant.

Bad Decisions and Love Change Endings Seen Through Fate and Fairies :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

How can a person express a theme or idea in one of his/ her works? Shakespeare often uses literary elements to help him express a theme. Sometimes, he uses other elements to help him express a theme. Shakespeare teaches how love and bad decisions can cause a person to have different endings to his/her story by using the role of fate in Romeo and Juliet and by using the role of the fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Shakespeare uses the role of fate in Romeo and Juliet to show how love and bad decisions can change the ending of a story. First, fate brings these two â€Å"star-crossed lovers† together (R&J Prologue.6). The lovers are star-crossed because they are from two families (the Montagues and Capulets) that have had an â€Å"ancient grudge† (R&J Prologue.4). These two families hate each other so much their servants started a fight in the first scene just because they were from the other family. The fact that the lovers are star-crossed, yet they still love each other is a bad decision because it leads to their doom. Second, in the third act Romeo â€Å"slew Tybalt† because of fate (R&J 3.1.178). Tybalt hates Romeo for crashing the party where Romeo met Juliet and he also hates Romeo because he is a Montague. Paris hates Romeo even when Romeo did not get a choice in what family he was born into, it was fate. Then, Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel but Tybalt ends up kil ling Mercutio. In anger from Mercutio’s death, Romeo kills Tybalt which gets him banished to Mantua. Even though he was angry over his friend’s death, this action was a bad decision by Romeo because the banishment caused problems for the lovers. Then, they have to find a way to still be together. To even more complicate the plot, Mr. Capulet promised Paris that will Juliet â€Å"shall be married to† him (R&J 3.4.21). This arrangement happens because Juliet was sad about Tybalt’s death and Romeo’s banishment. The marriage forces the Juliet to fake her death, which is the reason for Romeo’s suicide. Romeo committed suicide because he did not her death was fake. This is a bad decision because Juliet and Friar Lawrence should have found a way to tell Romeo before she fakes her death. Fourth, â€Å"Romeo [is] dead and Juliet† is dead too (R&J 5.1.196). The lovers died because they are star-crossed.

Why John a Macdonald Is Consider One of the Greaters Prime Minister

The greatest prime minister in Canada Introduction †¢After 143 of Canada been created by the father of confederation, it can be realize that nothing of this would have happen if it was for the persistence of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald †¢Three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces. The British Province of Canada was divided into the new Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and two other British colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also became provinces of Canada. Promise to connect west with east and in today’s environment that connection is still and icon in Canadians †¢Convince one important person in Nova Scotia so that this province would not retired from the confederation †¢Server 2 term in †¢He is consider one of the father or confederation †¢Second longest prime minister in Canada history†¢Only prime minister with six majority governments †¢won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views Thesis Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s greatest Prime Minister was responsible for the founding of Canada and work hard to make this nation stable and prosperous The greatest prime minister in Canada Introduction †¢After 143 of Canada been created by the father of confederation, it can be realize that nothing of this would have happen if it was for the persistence of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald †¢Three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces.The British Province of Canada was divided into the new Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and two other British colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also became provinces of Canada. †¢Promise to connect west with east and in today’s environment that connection is still and icon in Canadians †¢Convince one important person in No va Scotia so that this province would not retired from the confederation †¢Server 2 term in †¢He is consider one of the father or confederation Second longest prime minister in Canada history †¢Only prime minister with six majority governments †¢won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views Thesis †¢Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s greatest Prime Minister was responsible for the founding of Canada and work hard to make this nation stable and prosperous

Gwen Harwood “Father and Child” Essay

The poem â€Å"Father and Child† by Gwen Harwood shows Harwood’s father teaching her the concepts of life and death, from when she is a young child in â€Å"Barn Owl† up to when she is around forty at the time of his death in â€Å"Nightfall†, coming to accept the idea that life is not never-ending. In part one called â€Å"Barn Owl†; she has learnt to accept death as a component of life. The persona of the poem experiences a loss of innocence with the discovery of the tragedy of death. Before shooting the owl, the child believes they are the â€Å"master of life and death,† with the noun, â€Å"master,† reflecting the power that the child feels and the ignorance that the child has about the nature of death. This description of the child is later contrasted in the fourth stanza, â€Å"I watched, afraid by the fallen gun, a lonely child who believed death clean and final, not this obscene bundle of stuff.† The emotive term, †Å"afraid,† represents the change in the persona’s attitude after being exposed to the harsh reality that is mortality. However, the rhyme and last line â€Å"what sorrows in the end, no words, no tears can mend† releases an element of inexpressible sadness that she has towards the death of her father showing that although she accepts death, it still upsets her as it did in â€Å"Barn Owl†. Father and Child† Nightfall† is more metaphorical and symbolic suggesting a more mature persona like an adult. The poem represents a human’s journey over time of learning to mature and accept death. The poem â€Å"Father and Child† explores the reversing roles of fathers and children’s roles as time goes on. Nightfall† is more metaphorical and symbolic suggesting a more mature persona like an adult, and is about a child grown to adult age spending time with her father before he dies. The symbolism of the imagery presented through the poem is of the passing of time, this is shown in words like â€Å"temporal†, â€Å"transience†, â€Å"late†, â€Å"night and day†, â€Å"grown† and â€Å"ancient†, this represents the ageing of the father and child and emphasises how they have grown both physically and mentally. The use of the word â€Å"angel† in â€Å"Barn Owl† suggests the closeness of the father-daughter relationship. Also the line â€Å"I leaned my head upon my father’s arm, and wept,† shows the caring and comforting nature of the father. However, â€Å"Nightfall† shows the childish nature towards her father starts to disappear and that she has developed great respect for her father. This is first implied through the phrase â€Å"Father and child, we stand in time’s long promised land† which shows they have a united front facing death  together. This is further emphasised through the rhetorical question of â€Å"Who can be what you were?† showing the appreciation for her father, as she recalls her father’s â€Å"marvellous journey†. Also, the use of direct speech from the father asking, â€Å"Be your tears wet?† is an allusion to Shakespeare’s play â€Å"King Lear†, where King Lear asks this same question to his upset daughter Cordelia on his death bed, this is where King Lear discovers that Cordelia was the only child that truly cared for him, suggesting that the persona has been faithful in caring for her father up until his death. â€Å"Old king† is a similar allusion again implying that the persona appreciates her father’s life thinking it was great and it needs to be treasured. â€Å"Nightfall† is suggesting that although loved ones pass, it is important to hold the memories shared close; so spiritually, they are never really gone even though physically they have passed.

The Mystery of the Stellar Sea Lion essays

The Mystery of the Stellar Sea Lion essays An entire species is dying off, and quickly for that matter. Since the 1960s, about 94 percent of all Steller sea lions have been killed off due to reasons ...including pollution, climatic changes, marine debris, and disease so far to no avail. Vanishing from Alaskan waters, and biological detectives not having a reason as to why, David Holthouse tells the mystery just how it is, and just what we can do to help slow down the serial killings of a species that has no profound reason to die off quite yet. With very few of these specific sea lions left, an ecosystem is being damaged and in turn, is hurting innocent marine-mammals. Named after George Wilhelm Steller, the Steller Sea Lion was discovered way back in 1742 during his voyage around some harsh Alaskan waters. Historically, the range from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea and all around the Aleutian Islands has been the main home to the Steller Sea Lion for centuries. From 1960 to 1989 the population of these sea lions has decreased dramatically from 140,000 all the way to 65,000 respectively. Many, including coordinators from the Alaska Department of Fish and Games Division of Wildlife Conservation, believe that people may be at the root of this problem, and that something incredibly unnatural is causing this heartbreaking story. Something somewhere is out of balance. Narrowed down by both federal and state level scientists, the cause of this monstrosity has been left to commercial fishing. Not necessarily is it that commercial fisherman are catching the northern sea lions, but that they are gathering up all the fish and Pollock that these sea lions live on. Not only are the Steller Sea Lions the species slowly depleting from earths surface, but many other marine-mammals, too, due to the large commercial fishing market that is altering the abundance of key prey species in ways that make foraging more difficult for all t...